Artemisia abrotanum aka Southernwood

Southernwood is one of the easiest herbs to grow, making it perfect for beginners and low-maintenance gardens. It thrives on neglect, tolerating drought, poor soils, and a wide range of conditions. The plant is notably resistant to honey fungus and rarely bothered by deer or rabbits. Simply provide full sun and well-drained soil, and this hardy shrub will reward you with years of aromatic foliage with minimal intervention.

Southernwood can be propagated by seed, division, or cuttings. For cuttings, take 8cm semi-hardwood stem cuttings in late summer (July-August) and root them under a frame or in a sheltered spot. Division is straightforward—simply divide established clumps every 3-4 years in spring or fall. Seeds can be surface-sown in late winter to early summer; germination takes 1-2 months at 15°C. Cuttings are generally the most reliable method as the plant produces few viable seeds in cooler climates.

Southernwood typically grows to 1-1.5 meters (3-5 feet) tall with a spread of about 1 meter (3 feet). The plant forms an upright, bushy mound with a woody base and much-branched growth habit. It has a moderate growth rate and can be kept more compact with annual pruning. In ideal conditions, some specimens may reach up to 2 meters tall.

Yes, Southernwood is an outdoor plant that thrives year-round in USDA zones 4-8 (UK zone 4). It withstands both drought and prolonged freezing temperatures, making it extremely hardy. The plant is deciduous, losing its leaves from November to March in temperate climates, but the woody base survives winter and regrows vigorously in spring. It's an excellent choice for herb gardens, borders, low hedges, and xeriscaping.

Southernwood is native to the Mediterranean region and southern Europe, including areas of Turkey, Ukraine, Armenia, and the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia). It may also originate from temperate Asia. The plant has been cultivated in Europe for centuries and has naturalized in parts of northeastern North America where it occasionally escapes from gardens. Its exact original habitat remains somewhat obscure due to its long history of cultivation.

Southernwood produces small, inconspicuous nodding flowers in loose panicles from late summer to fall (September-October). The flowers are pale yellow to yellowish-white and not particularly showy—this plant is grown primarily for its aromatic foliage rather than its blooms. In cooler climates like Britain, the plant rarely flowers profusely. The species is hermaphroditic and wind-pollinated, but produces few viable seeds outside its native range.

Annual hard pruning is essential for maintaining a compact, healthy Southernwood plant. Cut the plant back fairly hard in early spring before new growth begins—this encourages plenty of vigorous new growth and keeps the shrub from becoming leggy and woody. If grown as a low hedge, it tolerates regular clipping throughout the growing season. Plants can also be cut back in fall, and dividing clumps every 3-4 years helps maintain robust growth.

Southernwood has a distinctive and pleasant fragrance that's released whenever the foliage is brushed or touched. The scent is typically described as citrus-like or lemony with camphor undertones. The aromatic leaves contain essential oils that retain their fragrance even after drying, making them popular for sachets, potpourris, and as natural moth repellents in wardrobes. This characteristic fragrance is one of the plant's main attractions and the reason for its long history of use as a strewing herb.

Southernwood is remarkably pest and disease resistant. It is notably resistant to honey fungus, which affects many other plants. Deer and rabbits rarely browse on it, likely due to its strong aromatic oils. The main concern is root rot, which can occur in moist, poorly drained soils—always ensure good drainage. Otherwise, the plant is generally disease-free and its aromatic foliage actually helps repel many garden pests, making it an excellent companion plant.

Southernwood is deciduous and follows a clear seasonal cycle. In spring, prune hard before new growth appears to maintain a compact shape. During summer, the plant requires minimal care—water only during extended drought and avoid fertilizing, as lean conditions produce more aromatic plants. In fall, you can harvest foliage for drying. The plant dies back in winter, leaving a woody base that survives freezing temperatures. No winter protection is needed in zones 4-8.

Southernwood is pollinated by wind rather than insects. The plant is hermaphroditic, meaning each flower contains both male and female reproductive organs. However, in cooler climates it rarely flowers profusely and produces few viable seeds. In North America, the plant is poorly adapted to reproduce by seed and seedlings are rare—it spreads primarily through vegetative propagation (cuttings and division) rather than self-seeding.

Southernwood has limited but traditional culinary uses. Young shoots have a bitter, lemony flavor and are used sparingly as a flavoring in cakes, salads, and vinegars. A bitter tea can be brewed from the young shoots. Due to the strong taste, only small quantities are typically used. The plant has PFAF edibility rating of 1 out of 5, indicating minimal culinary value. It should be avoided during pregnancy due to its emmenagogue properties.

Southernwood has a long history of medicinal use and carries a PFAF rating of 3 out of 5. Traditional uses include treating digestive complaints, expelling intestinal worms (especially in children), and promoting menstrual flow. The plant acts as an antiseptic, digestive stimulant, and tonic. It can be applied externally to small wounds. However, it should be avoided during pregnancy as it can stimulate uterine contractions. Some individuals may experience skin dermatitis from contact with the plant.

Beyond culinary and medicinal applications, Southernwood has numerous practical uses. Its strong aromatic oils make it an effective natural insect repellent—the fresh plant repels fruit tree moths in orchards and dried leaves deter clothing moths. A yellow dye can be obtained from the branches. The essential oil is used in perfumery, and leaf infusions serve as hair tonics. Dried shoots can be burned to eliminate cooking odors. In the garden, it works as an excellent companion plant for cabbages and can be grown as a low hedge.

Southernwood is extremely cold-hardy, thriving in USDA zones 4-8 and tolerating prolonged freezing temperatures. It can survive in elevations above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). The plant is deciduous, naturally dying back in winter and regrowing from its woody base in spring. It is equally tolerant of heat and drought in summer. This exceptional temperature range makes it suitable for most temperate climates without special protection.

Southernwood should be watered regularly, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings.

Southernwood loves a well-draining soil. Perlite and vermiculite help with drainage, while coco coir adds organic matter, so a good potting soil mix will have all three. You can improve store-bought soil by adding some perlite to it.

To ensure optimal growth, the Southernwood prefers bright indirect light for 6-8 hours each day. Insufficient light can result in slow growth and leaf drop, so it's important to find a well-lit location for this plant. Place it near a window, within a distance of 1 meter (3 feet), to enhance its potential for thriving.

Repotting the Southernwood is necessary either when it has doubled in size or once every year, whichever happens first. With fresh potting soil replenished annually, the plant will receive all the necessary nutrients, rendering the use of fertilizer unnecessary. Keep in mind that the source of a plant's energy is the sun, not fertilizer.

The toxicity level of this plant has not been officially confirmed by Ploi. If there is a possibility of ingestion of plant material with an uncertain toxicity by you, a family member, or a pet, it is advisable to seek the assistance of a medical professional.