Cynodon dactylon aka Bermudagrass

Cynodon dactylon, or Bermuda grass, belongs to the grass family. Other names include Bahama grass and dog's tooth grass. Sources differ on its native range. Kew places its origin in central southern Africa. Useful Tropical Plants gives Africa and southern Asia. It now grows far beyond its original range. It occurs in dry regions and on sandy shores.

This evergreen perennial forms a low, dense mat of growth. Creeping stems take root where their nodes touch soil. Underground rhizomes also help it spread and persist. Garden references give a height of about 1 foot [0.3 metres]. One gives a spread of 1.6 feet [0.5 metres]. This does not mark a firm limit to its spread. Upright culms can reach 1.5 feet [0.45 metres]. Rare stems reach about 4.3 feet [1.3 metres]. Sources rate its growth from medium to fast.

Its flowers contain both male and female organs. Wind carries the pollen between flowers. PFAF lists flowering from August to October. Seeds ripen from September to October in that account. The plant needs full sun and does not tolerate shade. It grows well in heat and survives drought once established. Moist soil supports growth, while added water and nitrogen encourage spread. It accepts sand, loam, clay, and soils low in nutrients. It prefers good drainage but also grows in heavy clay. It tolerates a broad pH range and salty soils. PFAF lists USDA hardiness zones 7–10.

Gardeners use it for lawns, sports turf, and ground cover. It withstands foot traffic and repeated mowing. Its spreading growth helps hold sand and reduce soil loss. Farmers also grow it as pasture grass. These same traits can make it a stubborn weed. Once rooted, it can prove hard to remove. Growers can raise plants from seed or divide rooted shoots. PFAF recommends spring sowing and division in late spring.

The rhizomes have limited food use after careful cleaning and processing. People dry and roast them for a drink. Dried rhizomes can also serve as a ground ingredient. Sources record traditional medicinal uses, including treatment of wounds and digestive complaints. These records do not establish that such treatments work. The grass can cause skin irritation and pollen allergies. It may also make animals sensitive to sunlight. Under some conditions, it produces hydrocyanic acid that can poison livestock.