Cyperus papyrus aka Papyrus

Cyperus papyrus, or papyrus, is a perennial aquatic sedge. It belongs to the sedge family, Cyperaceae. Its native range includes Africa, Madagascar, and northern Israel. It grows in swamps, shallow lakes, and beside streams. Plants form dense stands where water remains near the surface. Birds use these stands as nest sites in its native range.

Garden plants often reach 5–8 feet [1.5–2.4 metres] tall. They spread about 2–5 feet [0.6–1.5 metres] across. RHS gives a taller range of 8–13 feet [2.5–4 metres]. Plants in their native range can reach 16 feet [4.9 metres]. Thick, woody rhizomes spread through the soil and produce upright stems. The green stems have three sides and form close clumps. Few leaves grow at the base of the plant. Reduced leaves form brown, papery scales on lower stems and rhizomes. The foliage stays green where conditions allow year-round growth.

Each stem ends in a rounded head of fine rays. A head can contain more than 100 of these rays. Small green-brown flower clusters grow at their tips. Flowers appear from July through September. Brown, dry fruits follow, with a shape like tiny nuts. The broad heads give height and texture to pond edges. Papyrus also suits bog gardens and large patio pots. Cut stems can serve in flower arrangements.

Grow papyrus in sun or partial shade with constant water. It thrives in wet soil or shallow standing water. RHS lists clay, loam, sand, and chalk as suitable soils. It also accepts acid, neutral, or alkaline soil. Shelter helps protect the tall stems from wind damage. USDA zones 9–10 suit outdoor growth through winter. RHS rates it H1C, so UK plants need winter shelter. Bring pots indoors before frost and keep their roots wet. Place them near a sunny window during winter. Remove dead stems in autumn; divide clumps when their centres die.

Few serious pests or diseases trouble this plant. Mealybugs may occur, while good airflow helps limit fungal problems. Too little water can turn the foliage brown. Fast spread can crowd nearby plants and block waterways. Escaped plants have become invasive in parts of the United States. People eat its rhizomes and lower stems raw or cooked. Sources report no known hazards, rather than proven universal safety. Ancient Egyptians made paper from the stem pith. Other uses include baskets, mats, boats, and fuel. Reports describe past medicinal uses, not established treatments.