Arbutus arizonica aka Arizona Madrone

Arbutus arizonica, or Arizona madrone, is an evergreen tree. It belongs to the heath family, Ericaceae. Its range spans southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and Mexico. It grows on dry, gravelly slopes in mountain areas. These sites lie at 5,900–7,900 feet [1,800–2,400 metres]. In gardens, it can form a large shrub or tree. Its bark, leaves, and fruit give year-round garden interest.

Garden trees reach 26–39 feet [8–12 metres] tall. They spread 13–26 feet [4–8 metres] across. PFAF reports taller trees reaching 49 feet [15 metres]. RHS gives a maturity range of 20–50 years. The short trunk often bends, with twisted, spreading branches. Virginia Tech describes rough, pale gray bark with red patches. Small, square plates break up its surface. PFAF also describes smooth, flaking, red-brown bark. Young green twigs turn orange-red, then red-brown with age.

The leaves grow alternately along the stems. Each leaf has a narrow oval or lance-shaped outline. They feel leathery and have shiny green upper sides. Their undersides look paler, with smooth or finely toothed edges. Small, urn-shaped flowers grow in clusters early in the season. Some flowers may appear later in the growing season. They range from white to pink. Small orange-red fruits have a rough, bumpy skin. Virginia Tech places ripening in late summer. PFAF gives a wider window, from July to October.

RHS recommends deep, fertile soil in a sheltered site. Full sun and partial shade both suit this tree. It accepts clay, loam, or sand across a broad pH range. Keep the soil moist while allowing excess water to drain. RHS rates its UK hardiness as H4. PFAF lists USDA zones 5–9. Its bold shape suits courtyards and gardens planned for wildlife. PFAF notes that flowers and fruit support wildlife. Growers can raise it from seed or late-summer semi-ripe cuttings. Aphids, arbutus leaf spot, and honey fungus can cause problems.

Food and safety reports conflict, so caution is needed. PFAF describes ripe fruit as edible raw or processed. It lists flour, jelly, cider, and wine among its uses. It warns that eating too much may cause nausea or vomiting. Unripe fruit has a poor taste and should be avoided. RHS mentions edible uses but also warns against eating the fruit. Its warning covers people and pets. PFAF records astringent uses for the bark and leaves. The wood also serves as a source of charcoal.