Bursera simaruba aka West Indian Birch

Bursera simaruba, or gumbo-limbo, belongs to the Burseraceae family. It grows wild in south Florida, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Its range extends through Central America into northern South America and Brazil. It grows in dry tropical woods and some wetter forests. On wet sites, it often grows on fast-draining slopes. This semi-evergreen tree can shed leaves during dry spells.

Garden trees reach 25–40 feet (7.6–12.2 m) tall. They spread about 25–32 feet (7.6–9.8 m) wide. Wild trees can reach 60 feet (18.3 m). One source reports heights of 89 feet (27 m) in Belize. The open crown has a rounded or spreading shape. Thick limbs often fork near the ground and hang low. Smooth, shiny bark peels in thin, reddish-brown flakes. The peeling reveals green bark beneath and adds winter interest. Cuts release resin with a scent like turpentine. Bright green, pinnate leaves have pointed leaflets with smooth edges. Sources report three to nine leaflets on each leaf.

Small white or pale green flowers form clusters at branch tips. They bloom in late winter or spring. Bees and other insects pollinate the flowers. Male and female trees are needed to produce seeds. Small oval fruits take about a year to ripen. They turn from green to dark red or maroon. Each fruit contains a red, three-sided nutlet. The tree draws birds, bees, and butterflies. Its leaves feed the young of the dingy purplewing butterfly.

Full sun suits this tree, though it tolerates some shade. It grows in sand, loam, or clay with good drainage. It also tolerates both acid and alkaline soils. Avoid soil that stays wet for long periods. Established trees withstand drought, strong winds, and salt spray. Sources place it in USDA zones 10–12; frost can damage it. It needs little care once established. Seeds and small branch cuttings provide ways to grow new trees.

Gardeners plant gumbo-limbo for shade, street use, and its bark. Rooted branches can form live fences, but large cuttings may develop weak limbs. Surface roots can lift paving and hinder mowing. Low limbs can block paths; early pruning helps provide clearance. Serious pests and diseases are rare, though caterpillars sometimes chew leaves. Sources report edible fruit and leaves used to make tea. They list no known hazards, rather than proof of safety. The light, soft wood serves for plywood, furniture, and fuel. People use its resin for varnish, glue, incense, and traditional medicine.