Liquidambar orientalis aka Storax

Liquidambar orientalis, or oriental sweetgum, is a deciduous tree. It belongs to the Altingiaceae family. Its native range spans Rhodes and western and southwestern Turkey. It grows on flood plains, in marshes, and beside streams. It also grows on valley slopes near water. In Turkey, these sites reach 5,906 feet [1,800 metres] above sea level.

In gardens, it forms a large shrub or bushy tree. Growth is slow, and the crown becomes rounded or spreading. RHS gives heights of 13–26 feet [4–8 metres]. Oregon State gives a taller range of 20–30 feet [6–9 metres]. Garden spread reaches about 8–13 feet [2.5–4 metres]. It may take 20–50 years to reach full size. Smooth brown stems bear large buds at their tips. The trunk has rough bark. Each leaf has five main lobes, with smaller side lobes. The edges have coarse teeth and glands. Leaves turn red, orange, and yellow before they fall.

Small yellow-green flowers appear from April to May. The same tree bears both male and female flowers. Male flowers grow in upright groups. Female flowers form round, spiny fruit clusters. These clusters can stay on the tree into winter. They add interest after the leaves have gone. Trees at the far northern edge may lack flowers and fruit.

Grow this tree in moist soil that drains well. It suits clay, loam, or sand with moderate fertility. Acid or neutral soil is best. Alkaline soil can cause iron chlorosis, which yellows the leaves. It accepts partial shade, but sun gives better autumn colour. Sources list USDA zones 7–9 and RHS hardiness H6. It suits sunny gardens as a specimen tree or shrub. It also suits informal gardens and can serve as bonsai. Fallen fruit can make litter along streets. Roots may damage nearby pavements.

Serious pest problems are uncommon, though several insects may attack. These include webworms, bagworms, leaf miners, borers, scale, and caterpillars. Possible diseases include honey fungus, canker, leaf spots, and wood rot. Bleeding necrosis can also cause serious damage. The trunk yields an aromatic resin called storax. People use it in incense, perfumes, soaps, and medicines. It also supplies chewing gum and flavouring for baked foods. PFAF reports no known hazards, but this does not establish universal safety. Its medicinal uses include cough mixtures and skin treatments.