Physalis heterophylla aka Clammy Ground Cherry

Physalis heterophylla, or clammy ground cherry, belongs to the nightshade family. This herbaceous perennial is native to North America. It grows across much of the United States and parts of Canada. Wild plants occur in open woods, thickets, and sandy prairies. They also grow where soil has been disturbed. Garden plants reach 1–2 feet [0.3–0.61 metres] tall. Their spread is 1–3 feet [0.3–0.91 metres].

The upright green stems are round and covered with hairs. Glandular hairs on the stems and leaves help identify it. Thick rhizomes run sideways beneath the soil and send up shoots. The simple leaves grow alternately along the stems. Their shape ranges from heart-shaped to broadly lanceolate. Leaves reach about 0.33 feet [0.10 metres] long. Their edges may be smooth, toothed, or wavy. The blades are hairy and yellow-green, with pointed tips.

Single flowers hang from the leaf axils during summer. Bloom lasts about two months. Each flower has five joined petals forming a bell or funnel. Yellow petals carry purple marks near their bases. Bees visit the flowers. After bloom, the calyx grows around each berry. It forms a tan, papery husk with a lantern-like shape. The small, many-seeded berries turn from green to yellow. They ripen from mid to late summer. Gamebirds and small mammals eat the ripe fruit.

Grow this plant in full sun or partial shade. It accepts well-drained loam, sand, and rocky ground. Slightly moist to dry sites suit it, and it tolerates drought. Its listed hardiness range covers USDA zones 4–9. Growth and upkeep needs are moderate. Seeds and division both offer ways to raise new plants. It suits naturalized spaces, woodland gardens, and edible gardens. The husks add interest around the fruit. PFAF flags some weed potential, though it describes limited clump spread. NC State reports no serious pest or disease problems. Caterpillars may eat berries before they ripen.

Only fully ripe fruit is edible; unripe berries are poisonous. The rest of the plant, including the husk, is poisonous too. NC State rates the poison risk as high and records cattle poisoning. Reported symptoms include stomach pain, vomiting, and breathing problems. Ripe berries may taste bitter. They can be eaten fresh, dried, or cooked. Uses include pies, sauces, and jams. PFAF advises adding pectin when making preserves. It also records traditional medicinal uses, but these do not establish safety.