Pinus gerardiana aka Chilgoza Pine

Pinus gerardiana is an evergreen tree in the pine family, Pinaceae. Its common names include chilghoza pine and Nepal nut. Its native range runs from eastern Afghanistan to the western-central Himalaya. Reports also place it in Pakistan, India and southern Tibet. It grows in dry inland valleys and on steep, rocky slopes. These sites lie beyond the reach of the southwest monsoon. Wild trees occur up to about 9,840 feet [3,000 metres] above sea level.

This slow-growing pine can reach about 82 feet [25 metres]. It keeps its leaves throughout the year. Its natural soils include limestone, granite and clay slate sites. Male and female flowers grow on the same tree. Flowering takes place from May to June, and wind carries pollen. The seeds ripen in October. Cross-pollination matters: self-fertilized seeds tend to produce weak plants. The tree also attracts wildlife and can form a woodland garden canopy.

Give this pine full sun and soil that drains well. A light sandy or gravelly loam suits it best. It can also grow in clay and soils low in nutrients. Mildly acid to neutral soil is suitable. It accepts dry or moist ground, and established trees withstand drought. Avoid poorly drained sites. PFAF lists USDA hardiness zones 6–9. Stock introduced to Britain has proved hard to establish and grow. This makes it a more demanding choice for British gardens.

People grow this species in Asia for its edible seeds. The oil-rich kernels can be eaten raw or cooked. They have a mild resin taste and serve as a local staple. Seeds can reach about one inch long. People use them much like pistachios. PFAF also records traditional medicinal uses for the seeds and their oil. These include applying seed oil to wounds and ulcers. Such records describe past uses, rather than establish treatment safety or benefit.

The bark supplies material for baskets and simple water containers. The needles can yield tan or green dye. Substances washed from the leaves can hinder seed germination beneath the tree. This may limit other plants growing below its canopy. PFAF does not flag it as a weed risk. For propagation, sow fresh seed in pots when possible. Stored seed may benefit from six weeks of cold treatment. Young trees have sparse roots, so plant them in place while small. Protect them through their first winter or two.