Pinus virginiana aka Scrub Pine

Pinus virginiana is an evergreen tree in the pine family. Its common names include Virginia pine, scrub pine, and Jersey pine. It grows across much of the eastern United States. Its range reaches from southern New York south to Mississippi and Georgia. It often forms stands in old fields, including upland sites. Garden trees reach about 15–50 feet [4.6–15.2 metres] tall. Some stay shrub-sized, while larger trees reach 80 feet [24.4 metres]. The crown spans about 10–30 feet [3–9.1 metres].

Young trees have a wide crown shaped like a pyramid. With age, the top flattens and branches spread unevenly. Older trees may lack a clear main leader. Growth is slow. The reddish-brown bark starts smooth, then forms small scaly plates. New shoots are slender and may have a purple tint. The stiff needles grow in pairs and have slight twists. Their edges have fine teeth, and their tips are sharp. Needles range from dark green to pale yellow-green. They last three to four years and may yellow in winter.

Male and female cones grow on the same tree. Yellow male cones shed pollen from March through May. The seed cones turn reddish-brown and have sharp, curved spines. They grow alone or in groups of two to four. Each cone takes two years to ripen. Old cones can remain on branches for five years. They add interest in fall and through winter. Birds eat the seeds, and imperial moth larvae feed on this pine.

Plant this tree in full sun and well-drained soil. It grows best in acidic sandy loam or deep loam. It also handles clay, poor soil, and dry, eroded ground. Sources place it in USDA zones 4–8. UConn gives zone 5 as its lower cold limit. It has low salt tolerance but some tolerance of pollution. Deer tend to leave it alone. It suits woodland gardens, native plantings, buffer strips, and bonsai. Growers also raise it for Christmas trees and decorative greenery. Its wood provides pulp, but knots and warping limit lumber use.

Weak branch joints make this pine prone to wind damage. Soil compaction and string trimmers can harm it. Pitch canker, pine sawflies, and Ips beetles can cause problems. Other listed pests include aphids, scales, weevils, and bark beetles. Sharp needles and cone spines also warrant care when handling.