Abies alba aka Common Silver Fir

Abies alba, or European silver fir, is an evergreen tree. It belongs to the pine family, Pinaceae. It grows in mountain forests across much of Europe. Its range includes the Pyrenees, Carpathians and Balkan Peninsula. This long-lived tree grows slowly and needs ample space. Its crown can form a pyramid or upright column. A straight trunk supports tiers of near-horizontal branches.

Garden sources describe trees reaching about 148 feet [45 metres]. Their spread can reach 26 feet [8 metres]. Oregon State gives heights of 100–160 feet [30–50 metres]. It also records extremes near 210 feet [65 metres]. Young bark is smooth and gray, with resin blisters. Older bark forms square plates, while stems become rough. Fine hairs cover the twigs. The flat needles have notched tips and glossy green tops. Two white bands run along each needle's lower face. These pale bands give the crown a silver cast. The needles form two rows along the branches.

Silver fir bears cones rather than flowers or fleshy fruit. Its upright cones appear in late spring. They begin green with bronze or yellow tones. The cones turn dark brown as they mature. They measure about 0.3–0.6 feet [0.10–0.18 metres] long. Each scale holds two winged seeds. The ripe cones break apart while still on the tree.

Grow it in sun or a site with some shade. It prefers deep, rich soil that stays moist but drains well. Slightly acid soil suits it, though it accepts other pH levels. It can grow in clay, loam or sand. Cool summers and mountain sites suit this tree best. Hot, dry summers and air pollution can cause problems. Chicago lists USDA zones 4–8; the RHS gives H7. Routine upkeep is low, and the RHS advises against pruning. Aphids and adelgids may attack it. Honey fungus is another risk, though disease is otherwise uncommon. Stressed trees are more prone to insect and fungal damage.

Large gardens can use silver fir for shade or screening. It also serves as a specimen or barrier tree. Its deep taproot helps hold soil in place. People have used it as a Christmas tree. Its wood supplies building timber and furniture. Resin and oils have uses in perfume, paints and varnishes. PFAF records cooked inner bark as food after drying and grinding. It also reports folk uses for leaves, bark, buds and resin. PFAF lists no known hazards; this does not establish complete safety.