Prunus caroliniana aka Carolina Laurel Cherry

Prunus caroliniana, or Carolina cherry laurel, belongs to the rose family. It grows as an evergreen shrub or small tree. Its native range spans the southeastern United States to Texas. It grows in low woods, fields, thickets, and along streams. Garden plants often reach 15–30 feet [4.6–9.1 metres] tall. Some sources report heights of 35–40 feet [10.7–12.2 metres]. Spread ranges from 15–25 feet [4.6–7.6 metres]. Its dense crown can be rounded, oval, or pyramidal.

The leaves grow in an alternate pattern along the stems. They are simple, glossy, dark green, and narrow with pointed tips. Adult leaves tend to have smooth edges. Seedling leaves may have sharp teeth. Two small glands sit beneath each leaf near its base. Crushed leaves give off a scent like cherries. Young bark is smooth, with small pores called lenticels. It turns gray and splits as the tree ages. The slender twigs are brown to reddish brown.

Small white flowers form short clusters called racemes. Their scent draws bees, while butterflies visit for nectar. Bloom runs from February to April, depending on the location. Green drupes turn reddish purple, then glossy black as they ripen. Each fruit holds one large stone. Several sources place ripe fruit in fall. Birds and small mammals eat the fruit and spread seeds. The dense leaves give wildlife cover through winter. Several butterfly species use this plant to feed their larvae.

Full sun suits it best, though it also tolerates shade. It prefers moist soil that drains well. Sand, loam, and clay can all support it. It tolerates acid soil and some alkaline soil. Young plants need moisture; established plants withstand drought. Wet soil and excess watering can cause root rot. Sources give USDA hardiness ranges of 7–10 and 8–10. Gardeners use it for hedges, screens, windbreaks, and single trees. It withstands heavy pruning and needs little routine care.

Self-seeding and suckers can make it weedy in gardens. Fallen leaves and fruit can leave litter near paths. Stressed trees may suffer from borers. Other pests include mites, scale, and weevils. Leaf spot, fire blight, canker, and Verticillium wilt can occur. Leaves, stems, and mature seeds contain compounds that release cyanide. They pose a serious risk to people and pets. Sources disagree about fruit edibility, so it is not reliable food. Leaves must not be eaten. Leaves and fruit can also yield dyes.