Ferula foetida aka Assa Foetida

Ferula foetida is a perennial in the carrot family, Apiaceae. Common names include asafoetida, hing, and devil's dung. Its native range spans western Asia, from Afghanistan to Iran. It grows in deserts within that range. Garden plants reach about 6.6 feet (2 metres) tall. They spread to about 4.9 feet (1.5 metres) across. Growers can raise it in cultivated beds.

The plant has a long taproot and dislikes root disturbance. It grows for several years before it blooms. In Britain, flowering often starts at about five years. The plant then dies after flowering, a pattern called monocarpic growth. Flowers appear in July and contain both male and female organs. Insects pollinate them, and the plant is self-fertile. Bruised parts give off a strong, unpleasant smell, likened to old fish.

Choose a sunny site, since this species cannot grow in shade. It prefers deep, fertile soil that drains well. It accepts sandy, loamy, and clay soils. Mildly acid, neutral, and mildly alkaline soils all suit it. Soil may be dry or moist. Reported cold tolerance lies between 14 and 23°F (−10 to −5°C). Colder parts of Britain may prove too harsh. Move young plants to their final sites while still small. A protective mulch is advised for their first winter outdoors. Sow fresh seed under glass in autumn, or sow in April.

Leaves and young shoots have recorded uses as cooked vegetables. Boiling removes their foul smell. Folded, cabbage-like heads also have a history of raw use. The cooked root needs soaking to reduce its bitter taste. Starch from the root has served as a porridge ingredient. Cuts in the roots and rhizomes release a gum-resin. This resin flavours foods and drinks, including Worcester sauce. It also serves as a garlic substitute. Store it airtight to keep its smell from tainting nearby goods.

The resin also yields an essential oil used in perfumery. Traditional medicine uses asafoetida for digestive and breathing complaints. These uses do not establish that home treatment is safe. PFAF warns against oral medicinal use and use during pregnancy. It notes a possible increase in bleeding risk. Contact with the skin may cause irritation. These warnings matter despite the plant's recorded food uses.