Ilex decidua aka Possom Haw Holly

Ilex decidua, or possumhaw, is a holly that sheds its leaves. It belongs to the holly family, Aquifoliaceae. Its native range spans the southeastern and central United States. It reaches from Texas and Kansas east to Maryland and Florida. It also grows in northwestern Mexico. Wild plants grow beside streams and in wet woods. They also occur in swamps, low valleys, and limestone sites.

Possumhaw forms an upright shrub or a small tree. Several stems support a broad, rounded crown. Garden plants often reach 7–15 feet [2.1–4.6 m] tall. Some reach 18 feet [5.5 m], according to UConn. Wild plants may reach 30 feet [9.1 m]. The listed garden spread reaches 12 feet [3.7 m]. Growth is slow, and plants can send up suckers. Gray-brown bark stays smooth apart from scattered raised bumps. Slender twigs bear stiff, short shoots that can look thorny. The simple leaves grow in an alternate pattern. They are narrow, glossy, and dark green, with rounded teeth. Fall leaves may turn yellow or dull purple-green before dropping.

Small white flowers open in April and May. Chicago records bloom extending into June. Most plants bear male or female flowers on separate plants. A few have flowers with both working sex organs. A nearby male helps female plants set more fruit. The orange-red berries ripen in September and last through winter. Some remain until new growth starts around mid-March. Birds, deer, and small mammals eat the fruit. Butterflies and other pollinators visit the flowers for nectar. Possumhaw also hosts the larvae of Henry's elfin butterfly.

Grow possumhaw in full sun or partial shade. It prefers moist, acidic soil rich in organic matter. It also grows in both light and heavy soils. It tolerates occasional flooding, heat, drought, and compacted ground. Its USDA hardiness range is zones 5–9. It needs little upkeep under suitable growing conditions. Prune for shape in early spring, before growth starts. Use it for hedges, groups, or a single specimen. It suits rain gardens and pond or stream edges. Bare branches and bright fruit give it winter value.

Serious insect and disease trouble is uncommon. Leaf spots and powdery mildew can occur. Plants may also become leggy. The berries are wildlife food, not safe human food. Their saponins can cause vomiting, diarrhea, or other illness. The reported poison severity is low.