Toxicodendron succedaneum aka Scarlet Rhus

Toxicodendron succedaneum, or wax tree, belongs to the cashew family. Japan tallow sumach is another name for this deciduous tree. Its older name is Rhus succedanea. Its native range stretches from the Himalayas through eastern Asia. It also reaches northern Sumatra. In the wild, it grows in forests, scrub and limestone thickets. The species has a Least Concern conservation rating.

In gardens, trees often reach 7–16 feet [2–5 metres] tall. Larger garden trees can reach 26 feet [8 metres]. Their spread may also reach 26 feet [8 metres]. Wild specimens can reach 49 feet [15 metres]. The crown may grow upright or form spreading branches. Each pinnate leaf has up to 15 glossy, dark green leaflets. These turn bright red in autumn, then fall. Small yellow-green flowers form upright, cone-shaped clusters in summer. Female trees later bear round, yellow-brown seeds. Bees pollinate the flowers, and trees are not self-fertile.

Grow wax tree in moist soil that drains well. It suits sand, loam, clay and chalk of varied pH. Choose moderately fertile ground with shelter from strong winds. It accepts full sun or partial shade. Full sun gives the best autumn leaf colour. The RHS rates its UK hardiness as H4. This covers winter lows of about −10 to −5°C. Useful Tropical Plants stresses its need for mild temperate sites. Trees take about 10–20 years to reach full size.

Its shape and autumn leaves give structure to garden planting. It needs little pruning and has few usual pest problems. Coral spot and verticillium wilt can cause trouble. Growers can raise plants from seed or semi-ripe cuttings. People cultivate it for wax and varnish in several Asian countries. Fruit wax supplies material for candles, floor wax and varnish. The sap provides lacquer, while leaves and wood yield dyes. Sources also record medicinal uses, including fruit wax in ointments.

This tree poses clear risks despite those uses. Eating it can poison people and dogs. Fresh sap can cause blisters and severe skin irritation. Wear gloves and protective clothing when handling or pruning it. Some accounts report eating the sour fruit pulp. PFAF warns that these reports need caution because the species is toxic. Those records do not establish that garden fruit is safe to eat.