Monarda fistulosa aka Wild Bergamot

Monarda fistulosa, or wild bergamot, belongs to the mint family. This perennial grows across North America, from Canada to northeastern Mexico. It lives in prairies, clearings, and dry woodland edges. It also grows beside roads and in rocky woods. Plants form upright clumps with bushy, branching stems. Most reach 2–4 feet [0.61–1.22 metres] tall. RHS gives an upper height of 4.9 feet [1.5 metres]. Reported spread varies from 0.3–3 feet [0.1–0.91 metres].

The square stems hold pairs of scented, toothed leaves. These leaves are oblong to lance-shaped and green to gray-green. The foliage dies back at the end of the season. Round flower heads sit at the tips of stems. Each head holds many small tubes with two lips. Leaf-like bracts beneath the heads have pink or purple tones. Flowers may be lavender, pink, or white. Bloom runs from June to September, though some sources start in July. Fruit appears from August to October.

Full sun suits this plant, but it accepts partial shade. Sources differ on how much soil moisture it needs. Missouri Botanical Garden recommends dry to moderately moist, well-drained soil. RHS favors moist soil and warns against summer drying. The plant tolerates some drought, poor soil, and clay. Yet drought stress can raise the risk of disease. Protect it from excess wetness in winter. Missouri Botanical Garden lists USDA zones 3–9; RHS assigns H5. Plants can seed themselves into nearby ground.

Wild bergamot suits herb beds, borders, meadows, and native gardens. Its blooms draw bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. Native bees also nest in its dead, hollow stems. The flowers work for fresh cuts and dried arrangements. Deer and rabbits tend to leave the plant alone. It also tolerates growing near black walnut. Removing spent blooms can extend the flower season. Seed heads can remain for shape in winter. Divide clumps in spring, or take basal softwood cuttings.

Powdery mildew and rust can affect the plant. Some sources report mildew resistance, but Chicago trials found poor performance. Good spacing and airflow help limit mildew problems. Slugs may damage growth in spring. The leaves can flavor food or make tea. Flowers can serve as an edible garnish. Plants For A Future reports no known hazards. It records past medicinal use for digestive complaints and colds. It also notes use of leaves to repel insects.